402 Answered Questions for the topic pharmacology

05/11/19

Why do antidepressants have a delayed onset of action?
Why do antidepressants take so long to reach efficacy? I've read of theories about it perhaps being due to the strength of negative feedback via serotonergic and adrenergic autoreceptors during the... more
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Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics

05/07/19

How to determine sensitivity in a dose-response curve?
In a dose-response curve the % inhibition can be plotted against concentration antagonist. In our case, the effect of the antagonist is tested in different genetic variants of a microbe.When trying... more
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05/07/19

What is the reason behind doctors giving some medicines after/before the meal?
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05/07/19

Why do doctors prescribe steroid tablets even though they know the side effects?
Sometimes doctors prescribe steroid tablets to suppress pain for diseases, such as arthritis. Why do they prescribe it even though they know the side effects?
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Pharmacology Medications Side Effects

05/07/19

Are there any untoward synergistic effects in taking a combination of acetaminophen plus ibuprofen?
A number of years ago, it became popular to advocate a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen (or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication) at the usual higher doses (e.g. 1,000mg... more
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Pharmacology Biochemistry

05/07/19

Meta-analysis of fruits in blocking Cytochrome family?
My professor says that some drugs cannot be used with grapefruit. I am trying to search a list of cytochromes and their effect to block members in the cytochrome family. Some in Cyt P450.**What is... more
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05/07/19

Top medications to treat symptoms of Lupus?
Being new to the Lupus world, I am hearing conflicting views from all sorts of physicians (living both in Canada and the USA). What are the top medications to treat the symptoms of Lupus? I heard... more
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05/07/19

How does methamphetamine (meth) damage neurons?
Meth is considered to be neurotoxic by forming reactive oxygen species and oxidizing the neurons. But unlike dopamine, which, by the way, [is neurotoxic due to ROS induced dopaminergic... more
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Pharmacology Cancer

05/06/19

Doxorubicin's intercalant and topoisomerase inhibition in leukemia?
I am thinking the role of doxorubicin's pathways in cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma:- topoisomerase inhibitor and inhibit DNA activity- intercalant - intercalant DNA bases and inhibit DNA... more
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05/06/19

How do anti-gas remedies work?
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Pharmacology Virus Virology

05/05/19

Can we develop a nucleos(t)ide analogue to cure rabies?
Nucleos(t)ide analogues have been successfully used to treat HIV, HBV and HCV. Since rabies virus is also a RNA virus that uses RdRp to replicate. If we develop an nucleos(t)ide against its RdRp,... more
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Pharmacology Vaccination Tuberculosis

05/04/19

Why are vaccines for polio taken orally while vaccines for TB need to be injected?
My thoughts are that maybe the TB antigens necessary to produce an immune response are proteins; therefore they can be digested in the stomach and small intestine. But I may be wrong though. I am... more
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Pharmacology Brain Dopamine

05/04/19

Why is dopamine or a dopamine-receptor agonist not pumped into the brain of Parkinson patients?
I am aware that dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, but can't it be pumped inside the cerebrospinal fluid via some permanent tube implant? Wouldn't Parkinson patients chose that over... more
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05/04/19

How does paracetamol work?
[Hinz *et al.* 2008](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17884974) found that COX-2 may be inhibited by paracetamol, and this is attributed to it's... more
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Pharmacology Biochemistry Drugs

05/04/19

Why is the effect of competitive antagonist less than the effect of non-competetive antagonists?
Drugs can be provided as a competive or non-competitive form of agonists. But the effect of non-competitive antagonists is much more than the other, so what is the cause of that? And are there... more
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05/04/19

Migraines and tryptophan?
One theory about migraines is that it is triggered by dropping serotonin levels.One medication, sumatriptan, acts by raising serotonin acting as a reuptake inhibitor.Since tryptophan is converted... more
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05/03/19

Does inhibiting prolactin levels cause any health problems?
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05/02/19

ANS Critical Thinking Question
Propranolol is a drug known as an Adrenergic Antagonist. Specifically, when it binds to β receptors (a subcategory of adrenergic receptors), it antagonizes any effects that result when... more
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Pharmacology Physiology Metabolism

04/30/19

What are the effects of caffeine on the mammalian circulatory system?
A friend of mine told me an anecdote about his mother, who drank too much caffeine, to the point she became hypotensive and would pass out. Because caffeine acts as a stimulant, I'm assuming the... more
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Pharmacology

04/30/19

3 oz of cough syrup was diluted with 14 oz of water making a total of 17 Oz if dosage is 2 ml at full strength what would the dosage be now
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Pharmacology Psychology Immunology

04/28/19

From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain?
Recently, some research, for example this article(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2919277/) has proposed that inflammation can cause innate immune cells to produce pro-inflammatory... more
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Pharmacology

04/27/19

Why is methylcellulose used in pharmaceuticals?
Why is methyl cellulose used as a pharmaceutical excipient? Is it due to certain chemical properties? What are the reasons for relying on the chemical properties of methyl cellulose?
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04/26/19

Can Neem Leaves be taken directly (Azadirachta indica, Nimtree)?
**[Nimtree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica)** is really precious when it comes to skin hygiene. It also has other vital health benefits.**Is it alright to take the Nimtree leaves... more
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04/26/19

Does homeopathic or herbal treatment of cancer have any scientific recognition?
Even though we have a very high tech society, cancer is still a serious issue. We humans still are not entirely capable of fighting cancer. Radiation and chemotherapy are still considered the best... more
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Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics

04/26/19

Pharmacology Half Life Calculation?
I'm really stuck on this question. I'm being asked to find the half life of a drug.The Vd is 50L/kg. The clearance is 0.1 L/hr/kg. The patient weighs 70 kg. Equation is:T1/2 (halflife) = 0.693 * Vd... more
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