131 Answered Questions for the topic Europe

04/05/19

Greek Revolution: Where did the Greeks look for descendants of the Byzantine dynasties?
I recall reading in a few books that during the early to mid 19th century, the Greeks where trying to find European nobles who had genealogies linked to the dynasties of the old Byzantine Empire... more
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04/05/19

During feudalism in Europe, was one's allegiance to the lord more or less important than the allegiance to the king?
So, let's say your feudal overlord is rebelling against the king. Who do you owe your allegiance to, the lord, or the king? It's best to fight for the one who's going to win, obviously, but what... more
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04/05/19

Why wasn't San Marino unified with Italy?
Why wasn't San Marino unified with the Kindom of Italy during the unification process? Were there plans or efforts at the time to unify the two states? Did either government at any time try to... more
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04/05/19

Which European nation had the most kings in the 18th century?
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04/05/19

What was the Seven Years War called at first?
When the Seven Years War broke out, obviously they had no idea how long it would last. What did Europeans call this war at first? I know that in the North American Theater, it was called the... more
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04/05/19

What education was required for a woman to become a teacher in pre-WWII Germany?
When a woman wanted to become a teacher in Germany of the first half of 20th century, she had to * attend a *preparatory school* for 2 years... more
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04/05/19

Did Jewish families feel Nazi oppression was exceptional?
I'm trying to compare the treatment of Jews in Europe before the rise of the Nazis with their treatment under the Nazis (before the concentration camps). Did Jewish communities feel that their... more
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04/05/19

Why was there a tradition attached to Crossbowmen?
Medieval literature makes several references to Gascon, Flemish and especially Genoese to denote elite troops wielding Crossbows. However, it isn't exactly hard to shoot a Crossbow accurately and... more
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04/04/19

How was the modern geographic boundary between Europe and Asia decided?
Wikipedia puts the boundary as: > The modern definition of Europe delimits it from Asia at the Aegean Sea, the Dardanelles-Sea of Marmora-Bosporus, the Black Sea, along the watershed of the... more
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04/04/19

How close were the living standards of India compared to England during the medieval period?
India, China and the African continent today are mostly associated with poverty in Europe, the US and so on. Looking at India specifically, did it during the medieval era share a similar standard... more
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04/04/19

What were the thoughts of the Celts, Romans and other ancient European people about the standing stones which survive from prehistoric times?
All over Europe, there are monuments of stone such as stonehenge, although many are not so grand as stonehenge is. Contra *Asterix*, the Celts didn't carve out menhirs and things like that. The... more
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04/04/19

When did homosexuality become unacceptable in Europe?
In the ancient greek world male homosexuality was common and didn't attract the same scorn as it did even 100 years ago. So 2,000 years ago, it was acceptable, and 100 years ago it was... more
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04/04/19

Have there been any efforts by the countries of Europe to restore their monarchies?
Have there been any effort, polls, referendum in Europe (especially Eastern ex-communist countries) to restore deposed monarchies, like in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, etc.? Most Monarchies were... more
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04/04/19

Was Mohammed known and respected in seventeenth-century Europe?
I’m reading Andrew Pettigree’s fascinating book, *The Invention of News: How the world came to know about itself*. In the early days of newsprint, many felt that only people who actually needed to... more
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04/04/19

What did European people of the 5th century AD eat during spring and what was the availability?
It is commonly believed that winter during that age was a period of starvation, with very limited means of procuring food. If the above is true, what did the commoners (peasants, serfs, etc) had... more
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04/04/19

Why were people from the Asian Steppes able to militarily dominate Europeans on a repeated basis?
From the Huns through the Mongolians, why were nomadic people from the east able to create such havoc in Europe? Was it an endless 'first mover' advantage with horse domestication? Was it a higher... more
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04/04/19

Was African slave trade ever directed towards Europe? If not, why?
The capture, shipping and sale of African slaves was most famously directed towards the colonies of European empires in the Americas, where they were put to work on plantations and other harsh,... more
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04/04/19

What was the impetus for some African nations to participate in the slave trade?
I know that some African nations participated in the slave trade by providing captured enemies as slaves to Europeans, but what are some of the reasons they did? Was it simply a new economic... more
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04/04/19

Did Charlemagne's Christian conquest of Germany cause the Vikings to hit back at Britain?
A [documentary on The Dark Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ages:_An_Age_of_Light) says that Vikings invaded the British isles after Charlemagne of France conquered some of Germany and... more
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04/04/19

Where did the Crusaders go after 1291?
With most historians saying the Crusades stopped in 1291, and the disappearance of the Crusader States/Outremer, I'm left to wonder: what happened to the Europeans who had built a life there? Did... more
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04/03/19

In medieval Europe, were children born in an annulled marriage automatically illegitimate?
I know that under modern laws (even within the Catholic Church), children born in a marriage that is later annulled are still considered legitimate, because they were born of a putative marriage.... more
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04/02/19

Why do Strabo, Pliny and Diodorus cite Pytheas in disbelief?
According to the wikipedia page on [Germanic tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#Classification), (direct quotation) > The first news about the Germanic world are contained in... more
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03/27/19

In what ways did the rise of a true middle class in Europe during the late 19th century become apparent?
The late 19th and early 20th centuries were very transformative for Europe with the rise of a real middle class. Typically before this the middle class was more of a bourgeoisie and not the middle... more
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03/27/19

Did any European monarch execute their sister or other direct female relative?
In my search, I found examples of kings/queens having their wives and brothers executed, but I cannot seem to locate any example for sisters, mothers, and fathers.
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03/27/19

Who was Balavignus?
I was reading up on some history on the Black Death and came across the name "Balavignus". He was a Jewish doctor who urged people to apply hygienic measures, based on some biblical verses in... more
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