131 Answered Questions for the topic Europe

04/21/19

Raising children in Europe in the Middle Ages?
This question might be a little broad, but I would like to know about child rearing practices in Mediaeval Europe. To narrow this down, the time and place that I am *particularly* interested in are... more
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04/20/19

How much faster were the printing presses than hand writing?
How many times faster were the printing presses, which gave Europe an advantage over other continents in term of access to knowledge, compared to copying of books by hand?
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04/19/19

Was the Dutch State independent when the Dutch East India Company was founded?
How were The Dutch able to build a successful trading empire by 1602 (with The Dutch East India Company) if the Dutch State gained independence after the Thirty Year's War in 1648? The war ends... more
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04/18/19

Why did monarchy become common practice after the fall of Rome?
Why did the government of most nations after the fall of Rome and the beginning of medieval age turn to monarchy? Before the fall of Rome most nations seem to be organized after different model... more
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04/18/19

How long did it take for a diplomat to travel between Berlin and Vienna in the 1770's?
I was reading the Wikipedia entry for [the War of the Bavarian Succession](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession), and it said (my emphasis): > For some historians, the... more
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04/18/19

Was a passport needed to travel between UK and France in 1972?
In Hitchcock's 1972 film ***Frenzy*** (at about the time 00:54:55) a character says: ***We can get a day trip to France. You don't need a passport.*** (He is a commoner, no diplomatic status etc,... more
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04/15/19

Why were there "hussars" all across Europe?
From what I read, hussars are originally a cavalry forces in Medieval Hungary. But then it became a class of light cavalry that were in service in many European nations, and during the Napoleonic... more
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04/14/19

What does Russia want with Chechnya?
I have heard that Russia has been fighting with the Chechens on and off for about 300 years, occasionally losing control and reconquering. What exactly does Russia have to gain by retaining control... more
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04/14/19

What were the acceptance criteria in universities of medieval Europe?
Did they have entrance tests? Were certain groups officially banned from entering? How much did one have to pay? Did they have scholarships for talented studends? How these criteria differed... more
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04/14/19

What did other European powers say when Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas?
In 1494, Portugal and Castile (succeeded by Spain) divided all lands outside Europe, including the newly "on-discovering" Americas, between them signing the Treaty of Tordesillas. What were the... more
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04/14/19

Who were the first people to get divorced in Western* Christendom?
*By Western Christendom I mean non-Orthodox, non pagan, non-schismatic, non-Muslim controlled societies. So everywhere from Lagos to Lapland. By divorce, I mean that the law recognises that two... more
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04/13/19

Why were bloody religious wars so incredibly frequent in Europe in the century following the Reformation?
Beginning in 1520, right after Martin Luther's Reformation, bloody religious wars began that kept recurring almost yearly for over a century. The Reformation's rapid spread drew battle lines... more
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04/13/19

At what point, and why, did snuff tobacco fall out of favor with European nobility?
Tobacco snuff was in use by the European nobility from the 16th Century onwards, becoming both medicine and status symbol, even with the health hazards associated. At some point it fell out of... more
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04/13/19

How long would the average sword last in the middle ages?
Assuming normal wear and tear, how long before a knight had to replace his sword?
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04/13/19

Besides Magna Carta and general decentralization, what specifically led to democratization in England?
In England, the gradual weakening of the central government (starting with the Magna Carta), and the gradual rights given to nobility slowly pushed England to a democratic form of government. Yet... more
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04/13/19

What were shoe soles made from in previous ages?
Today, nearly all commercial footwear has a sole made of either rubber or plastic with rubber-like qualities. It's a great material for the job, but it comes from a tree that's native to the... more
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04/13/19

How did people apply for university in the 18th century?
Universities have been around for a while. I am reading a book called Frankenstein. One of the main characters, Victor Frankenstein, attends the University of Ingolstadt in Germany. Now, it... more
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04/12/19

Are there any existing foreign language teaching texts from the Ancient Near East?
The various cultures of the Ancient Near East spoke a wide array of languages and we know that there was plenty of communication between cultures. We even have a language like Akkadian that served... more
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04/12/19

Is it true that Proto-Ukrainians conquered Europe and India?
I am a Ukrainian high school student. Recently we were told by a teacher that Proto-Ukrainians, the people who lived in the modern territory of Ukraine and ancestors of modern Ukrainians, once... more
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04/11/19

Did Charlemagne save Latin literature?
Kenneth Clark states his opinion in *Civilisation* that nearly all Latin literature still extant today was saved thanks to Charlemagne, who instructed his kingdom's copyists to work on... more
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04/11/19

Evidence of cross contamination between Japanese and Western sword fighting styles?
Are there any documented cases of cross pollination between western sword fighting techniques and Japanese ones? Such cross contamination could have happened during the Sengoku-jidai. This period... more
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04/10/19

Writing month with roman numbers?
I got an old wall clock. I'm not at all a clock expert and I would like to know more about its real age. It has a date engraved in its wood: `18/III 07`. I assume that this is finishing-date and... more
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04/09/19

What was the official language used across European monarchies in the XII century?
I have been reading about European history in the XII century and I am finding out that several of the modern day languages hadn't yet evolved to what they are now: Langue d'oïl was still being... more
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04/07/19

Who were the pre-Celtic inhabitants of Western Europe?
I've heard it said that the Basque are conjectured to be the last remnant of Pre-Celtic Western Europe. When would have these people existed? What evidence do we have for their culture and... more
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04/07/19

How was the current month and day disseminated to the townspeople of Medieval Europe?
How was the current month and day disseminated to the townspeople of the Medieval Europe? I'm quite sure that personal calendars weren't a thing back then... but I could be wrong... If they had a... more
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