
Sayan C. answered 06/05/24
English PhD Grad tutoring Writing, Grammar, Test Prep, Literature
A crucial lesson in persuasive writing or composition that will not only teach us how to become more impactful writers and speakers but also help us effectively analyze and understand any kind of persuasive or argumentative text is understanding the three modes of persuasion called Logos, Pathos, Ethos.
So what are logos, pathos, and ethos? To put it simply, logos pathos ethos are three strategies that all writers use to appeal to the reader or audience in order to convince or persuade them. All good persuasive writing use these strategies, sometimes one or two of them, sometimes all three of them together. So let us define the three terms first, and then I will use an example to demonstrate how it uses all three modes of persuasion. Let us begin with Logos
Logos: Logos is a Greek word meaning reason or logic. Therefore, In composition or writing, logos is used when the author tries to persuade the reader by appealing to their sense of logic or reason. Whenever we see a writer trying to connect different ideas, explain concepts, use data, evidence, facts to build a logical argument or make a claim, it is an example of logos. The more factually and logically sound someone’s argument is, the more difficult it is for the audience to counter or deny their argument.
Second strategy is Pathos: Pathos is used by writers and speakers to appeal to the reader’s emotions, feelings, sentiments in order to persuade or convince them. The goal of the author here is to evoke the emotions in the reader that they want them to feel: pity, sympathy, anger, frustration, affection, laughter. Therefore, For this purpose, writers may use descriptive language, specific words and phrases, or real life examples, situations, and stories to generate an emotional response from the reader or audience because sometimes emotionally impacting the reader is the most effective way to persuade them.
And finally, Ethos: Ethos is a strategy used by writers and speakers to establish their own credibility and earn the trust of the reader or audience. Because whenever we read or hear someone making a claim or argument, one of the first questions that we ask ourselves is Why should we trust the author or speaker? What makes them qualified to comment on the issue? This is why writers try to assert their authority and credibility by citing their sources of information and research, or by explaining their own academic and professional qualifications and experience, or by demonstrating their expertise of a subject by using highly technical terms and phrases.
Let us now look at sample paragraph to demonstrate how it uses all three modes of persuasion:
Imagine this: a small dog sits in a dark, cold garage. His hair is matted and dirty; he is skinny and weak from going days without food. There is no water for him to drink, no person to give him love and no blanket to keep him warm at night.1 While this might be a hard scenario to imagine, it is not an uncommon one in America today. According to the Humane Society of the United States, nearly 1,000,000 animals are abused or die from abuse every year.2 As a veterinarian with 30 years of experience, I have seen how even one incident of abuse can affect an animal for the rest of its life.3 As a society, we need to be more aware of this terrible problem and address this issue before it gets worse.
1 Pathos: the author paints a vivid picture to evoke a feeling from the reader—sadness and pity for the abused animal. “a small dog sits in a dark, cold garage. His hair is matted and dirty; he is skinny and weak from going days without food. There is no water for him to drink, no person to give him love and no blanket to keep him warm at night.”
2 Logos: the author uses a startling data or stat to appeal to our intellect. “According to the Humane Society of the United States, nearly 1,000,000 animals are abused or die from abuse every year”
3Ethos: the author establishes their own credibility by stating their occupation and experience ” As a veterinarian with 30 years of experience, I have seen how even one incident of abuse can affect an animal for the rest of its life”
So as you can see, within a few sentences, I am using all three modes of persuasion to make my point.
So, when we are reading a text, what questions do we need to ask to identify pathos, logos and ethos?
For pathos, ask how the writer is trying to appeal to the reader’s emotions: are they using individual and real-life stories, are they using emotionally charged words and phrases?
For Logos, ask how the writer is trying to appeal to the reader’s rational mind using logic and evidence: Are they including data and facts to support their claim or thesis, are they trying to neutrally explain certain ideas, are they connecting all the concepts and data accurately to create meaning?
And for ethos: Ask what their academic and professional qualifications and experiences are? What are some of the sources that are citing? Or, Are they using specific types of words and phrases to demonstrate technical expertise on a topic? Are they being fair and considering opposing views?