antibodies bind to antigens of possible pathogens

Question

When antibodies bind to antigens of possible pathogens, which of the following could be a possible outcome?

Answer 1

All of these are possible outcomes of antibody/antigen interactions.

Complements are ptoteins that are part of the innate immune system. The various components of the complement system form a cascade, or chain reaction, that marks pathogens ot damaged cells for phagocytosis and degrade microbial cell membranes.

Haptens are small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves, but when bound to native proteins can form a complex that initiates an immune response. When antibodies bind to a hapten-protein complex an immune response is initiated. A good example of this is poison ivy. The oil in poison ivy sap is not immunogenic, but when it binds to certain skins proteins it elicits the immune response.

Opsonization refers to tagging a cell with any small molecule that marks the cell for destruction by phagocytosis. One of the functions of antibodies is to mark cells for pahgocytosis by macrophages.

Agglutinatation occurs when cells bound to antibodoes group together and form clusters the precitate when the complexes become large enough. This is the basis of ABO blood typing, and can also be used for identifying bacteria.

Macrophages destroy cells that have been marked by antibodes. The marking process is called posonization, as mentioned above.

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