Deborah V. answered 01/08/22
Skilled English and writing tutor for AICE, AP, Honors, and exams
The short answer is rarely, especially in academic writing.
I often see students use exclamation points in their academic papers and essays. I'm glad to see they are excited about what they are writing, but the exclamation point should be reserved for non-academic writing and fiction writing. And then it should only rarely be used.
Want to demonstrate action and excitement in your writing? Use strong -- and precise -- verbs. That will add color and strength to your writing and help you avoid the overused and unwelcome exclamation point. Save the exclamation for your social media posts.