James Q. answered 04/18/24
MS PhD Neuroscientist and Global Student Educator - Harvard
I see your writing skills for the AP US Government and Politics exam require a political conceptual framework of thinking that is based on hypothesis, argument, background and significance analysis, and applied legal precedent. Admittedly, this necessitates a full tutorial session and not a simple Q/A format....
Briefly, I describe here a working outline that will produce a hypothesis-driven, clearly written AP government product. My thinking is that writing and refining your hypothesis is arguably the most time consuming.
Statement of hypothesis.
This is a clear, simple one-sentence statement of your central idea or observation which is to be investigated and discussed for validity in your paper. Formulation of a hypothesis is not simply what you think or is it an educated guess. It is a testable statement that you can support with existing knowledge, critical significance, and a proposed solution. The hypothesis drives the entirety of your paper.
Specific aims.
This is where you breakdown your hypothesis-driven argument into a few specific reasonable objectives and assessment of significance. Less is more here.
Background and significance.
This section consists of a lengthy thorough review of published data, legal briefs, case decisions, and citations. The goal here is to demonstrate your expertise, familiarity and knowledge of the pertinent literature and existing points of view related to your hypothesis. The expressed purpose is to justify the importance of your argument and to describe a path of innovation that challenges and seeks a shift of current paradigms.
Assessment.
Outline and detail specific methodologies, algorithms, and data analysis protocols. The analysis of data is one of the most important components of the paper, and you must present all possible interpretations. The format is fluid, dependent on identified variables, endpoints, etc. This is where you also demonstrate your vision for new arguments that may refine further data analysis protocols and in the broader sense refine and advance new applications in decision-making policy.
Results.
This is the showcase of all the data relevant to your hypothesis. It presents observable measures, metrics of change, statistical significance, p values, posthoc tests, etc that are characteristics of the data. Essentially, results are described quantitatively and qualitatively with clear legends.
Discussion.
This is all about academic writing. It is evidence-based by your argument endpoints and relevant current background in order of importance to your central hypothesis. The primary focus is the unbiased discussion of outcomes. On principle, you are sharing your knowledge. Introduce each section with emphasis on a particular endpoint. Discuss each question that you asked and answered. Discuss your interpretation of the data available and lay down how the data supports your central argument/hypothesis. Each section of the discussion should end with how the findings lead you to new ideas, future study, new application of theoretical concepts, and new approaches or methodologies.
Conclusion.
Present a focused message in reinforcing the endpoints. Simplicity, clarity, and effectiveness are the principal hallmarks of the conclusion with relevance and overall impact in providing new information and knowledge.
Acknowledgements.
Identify and sufficiently thank colleagues, mentors, peers, etc for helpful communication, cooperation, collaboration, and feedback on your work.
References.
The complete listing of the bibliography is critical. Each citation reference must include the names of all authors, article and journal title or book title, volume number, page numbers, and year of publication. Also add citations of appropriate personal communications that offered you their expertise on your work.
-jq