There is a hint given in the problem statement when it says "how many ways could the video-store owner >>>choose<<< 8 different posters". It is telling you to use the formula for 27 choose 8.
n choose k = n! / k!(n-k)!
27 choose 8 = 27! / 8!(27-8)! = 27! / 8!(19)! = 2220075
As for part b), it seems unlikely that most people would be able to compute a large factorial like this one mentally.