
Joel K. answered 08/31/19
M.A. in English with 7+ Years of Tutoring Experience
The phrase, “so little is clear,” elides (removes) an important word; namely, the noun “stuff.” When the word “stuff” is put back into the phrase, we get an independent clause: “So little stuff is clear.”
The main noun of this clause is “stuff,” and the main verb is the copula “is.” The root of the clause is “Stuff is.” If we add the subject complement, we get “Stuff is clear.” And if we add the adjective “little” (making it modify the main noun “stuff”), plus the adverb “so” (making it modify the adjective “little”), we get the full clause: “So little stuff is clear.” And then—for whatever reason—we English speakers elide (remove) the main noun “stuff.”
The next part of the sentence is a long subordinate clause: “that Castro’s departure took on the quality of a test case for the incoming leader of the new world.” This subordinate clause, arguably functioning as an adverb, modifies the (main) clause, “So little [stuff] is clear.”
How does it modify the main clause? It adds what happens as a result of the main clause. We can rephrase the full sentence like this: “Because so little is clear, Castro’s departure took on the quality of a test case for the incoming leader of the new world.” In other words, the effect of stuff being so unclear is the fact that “Castro’s departure took on the quality of test case for ....”
So what is the subject of the sentence? It is the main noun of the main clause, plus any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it. Thus: “So little [stuff]”—the elided main noun “stuff,” plus the adjective “little” and the adverb “so.”
I really hope this helps!