Cell structures

Question

Neurones are cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. This requires a lot of energy. They also synthesise (make) proteins, which help them to communicate with other neurones nearby.

Use this information to explain why neurones contain many mitochondria and many ribosomes

Answer 1

Hi Bao,

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell. Neurons use ATP to establish and maintain a resting membrane potential by providing the energy needed to transport ions across the cell membrane. The established resting membrane potential is what allows the neuron to conduct the electrical signals. The process requires energy used for ion transport by the sodium-potassium pump to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell creating a concentration gradient across the cell membrane. The electrical signals (action potentials) are formed when channels in the cell open to allow sodium back inside and potassium back outside. The cell must reestablish the resting membrane potential after every signaling event requiring more ATP.

Answer 2

Hi Bao, using the statement provided we can answer the question because ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis. Neurons require a constant protein production to keep up their structure and function. In a similar way, mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it plays a key role in ATP production. Mitochondria are located throughout the neuron, including along the axon, to support energy production in regions with high activity. Similarly, ribosomes are distributed in different cellular compartments to facilitate localized protein synthesis, ensuring efficient adaptation to the neuron's complex architecture.