Jesse B. answered • 12/22/22
Ph.D., Prior School owner, Educational director, and Professor
Transcription is always available! ::
Calvin cycle, also known as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, is a series of biochemical reactions that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells. It is the primary pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds such as glucose. The cycle is named after Melvin Calvin, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1961 for his work on the cycle.
Photorespiration is a process that occurs in the leaves of plants, during which oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase). This results in the production of energy-inefficient byproducts and the consumption of ATP and NADPH, which are necessary for photosynthesis. Photorespiration occurs in all plants, but it is particularly pronounced in C3 plants, which are plants that use the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.
C4 plants are plants that have evolved a specialized photosynthetic pathway to minimize photorespiration and maximize carbon dioxide uptake. In this pathway, carbon dioxide is first fixed in a specialized cell type called a bundle sheath cell, and then transported to the mesophyll cells for use in the Calvin cycle. This allows C4 plants to maintain a higher concentration of carbon dioxide around the rubisco enzyme, reducing the likelihood of oxygenation and increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis is a specialized photosynthetic pathway that occurs in some succulent plants, such as cacti and pineapples. In this pathway, carbon dioxide is fixed during the night, when stomata (small pores on the surface of leaves) are open, and then used during the day for the Calvin cycle. This allows CAM plants to conserve water by reducing the amount of water lost through transpiration during the day.
Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) is an essential step in the Calvin cycle, in which the five-carbon compound ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated from the products of the initial carbon dioxide fixation reaction. This allows the cycle to continue and enables the plant to fix more carbon dioxide.
Reduction of CO2 refers to the process of reducing carbon dioxide to a more reduced form, such as glucose, as part of the Calvin cycle. This process requires the use of reducing agents such as ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
RuBP carboxylase (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the initial carbon dioxide fixation reaction in the Calvin cycle. It converts carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.
CO2 fixation is the process of converting carbon dioxide into a more stable, reduced form, such as glucose, as part of the Calvin cycle. This process is necessary for the synthesis of organic compounds and is essential for the survival of photosynthesizing organisms.
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate. ATP is an important energy-carrying molecule that is used by cells for a variety of processes, including the synthesis of cellular components and the transport of ions and molecules across membranes. ATP synthase is located in the mitochondria and the thylak
