1. A
-2 reflects across the x-axis and stretches vertically by 2.
- 4 shifts 4 units right, opposite the sign
2. C
This one is a little more vague. the natural log of e is 1, and 1 to any power is just 1, buuuuut you use this to solve for t in an equation, like...
e-12t = 3
ln(e-12t) = ln(3)
-12t = ln(3)
etc...