Human genome: genes and proteins.

Question

Propose an explanation for how the human genome contains only 21,000 genes but ultimately codes for 100,000 proteins.

Answer 1

Hi Linsey,

 

The central dogma is DNA to mRNA and then  mRNA to protein. Several loci(genes) in human genome produce stage and tissue specific mRNAs, implying that locus b will produce a 5 kb mRNA in brain but 3 kb mRNA in developing brain. Obviously, two different mRNAs would produce different kinds  of proteins with specific function in the tissue. These protein would differ in size and quality both.  This is one mechanism of producing multiple proteins from same locus/gene.

 

Another mechanism of novel protein production is post-translation regulation, sometimes it includes cleaving a protein at certain site and at other times it may include addition of  another chemical modifier to protein by additional enzyme reaction. Therefore, one protein can be modified in multiple ways based on the tissue where it is produced as well as biological function of that protein in particular tissue or cell type.

 

In other words alternate splicing of mRNA and post-translation modification of proteins lead to wide range of proteins in human proteome despite limited number of protein coding loci/genes. 

 

Hope this is clear, please email me if you have further questions. 

 

Best, 

 

Naina

Answer 2

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