Which option best explains what the p-value means for this problem?

Question

A poll surveyed people about taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. The results are presented in the table below, and are classified by ethnic group and response type. Are the poll responses independent of the participants' ethnic group? Conduct a test of independence at the 5% significance level.

Opinion/ Ethnicity	Asian-American	White/Non-Hispanic	African-American	Latino	Row Total
Against tax	48	432	41	160	681
In favor of tax	55	235	23	147	460
No opinion	16	42	17	18	93
Column Total	119	709	81	325	1234

The p-value < 0.001

Which option best explains what the p-value means for this problem?

a) If H₀ is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or less than the calculated value.

b) If H₀ is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or greater than the calculated value.

c) If H₀ is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or less than the calculated value

d) If H₀ is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or greater than the calculated value

Answer 1

b) If H₀ is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or greater than the calculated value.