J.R. S. answered 04/10/20
Ph.D. in Biochemistry with an emphasis in Neurochemistry/Neuropharm
It is true that the half life is a characteristic value for a given radioactive isotope.
Half life does not only apply to alpha emission, nor is it related to the energy of gamma rays. It is related to the time it takes for 1/2 of the compound to disappear or decay.
The half life is not altered by conditions of the surrounding.
It is not true that only radioactive processes have half lives. Anything that decays or decomposes, or is converted to something else (as in reactants in a chemical reaction) will have a half life.