Do words in Arabic inflect based upon case/time/gender/etc.? If so, how which parts of speech inflect?

Answer 1

All Arabic dialects inflect nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs for gender, and all of them also inflect pronouns for case. Standard Arabic also inflects nouns and adjectives for case. All of these categories also inflect for number (singular, plural, and in standard Arabic, dual).

Regarding time, verbs can be conjugated in the past, present, and future tense.