Do any medieval works of literature incorporate the theme of the danse macabre, or is it only a popular motif in visual arts?

Answer 1

There are some great academic resources on the Dance of Death. It was mostly seen in visual or sensory art and performances, but did find its way into literature through poetry and morality tales/plays. Sophia Oosterwijk wrote an excellent paper on the theme in poems: Jean le Fèvre’s 1376 poem Le respit de la mort and the 15th century Spanish poem Dança general de la Muerte. Not included in her paper however is the theme's prevalence in performative works like the aforementioned morality plays and in dance and music. The original Rites of Spring is a very famous example.

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