Katherine C. answered • 05/24/17
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18. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, acids are proton donors, and bases are proton acceptors. According to the Lewis definition, acids accept lone pairs and bases donate lone pairs.
19. An acid is a substance capable of donating a proton (Bronsted-Lowry) or accepting a lone pair (Lewis). A salt is an ionic compound made from a cation and an anion. In terms of acids and bases, a salt (plus water) is the result of a reaction between an acid and a base.
20. A salt is an ionic compound made from a cation and an anion. A soap results from the anion being the carboxylate form of a long chain fatty acid, with the cation preferably being from group I for solubility.
21. A base is a proton acceptor (Bronsted-Lowery) or a lone pair donor (Lewis). In practical terms it is a substance which generates hydroxide ions in water solution, large amounts from the strong bases such as NaOH and small amounts from weak bases such as NH3 reacting with water. Soaps result from strong bases reacting with weak fatty acids and are generally made by reacting strong base with triglycerides (fats or oils) to form the fatty acid salts (soap).
22. Neutralization refers to the reaction of a base with an acid to form a salt and water. In this instance, a salt can be made from the reaction of an acid with a base.
23. The hydronium ion is a protonated water molecule, which is the standard form of hydrogen ions in water solution. Rather than being free, the proton accepts the lone pair from the oxygen in the water molecule to generate hydronium ion. In solution, the proton can be passes rapidly from water molecule to water molecule forming hydronium ions. Acids in water solution dissociate to form hydronium ions and the corresponding anion. Strong acids dissociate essentially completely. Weak acids dissociate only partially.
24. Indicators are compounds which exhibit different colors at different pH's, allowing them to be a visual indicator of when a given pH is reached. They are used in titrations, which are the measured reaction of an acid and a base to form a salt and water.
25. pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (hydronium ion) concentration (moles/liter). Lower pH's indicate greater acidity and higher pH's indicate greater basicity; at 25°C neutral pH is 7.00. Buffers are mixtures of weak acids and their conjugate bases which serve to control the pH within a small range, reacting with both strong acids and bases until consumed.
26. Weak bases generate only a small amount of hydroxide ion when placed in water solutions, from an incomplete reaction with water. Strong bases, such as NaOH and KOH, dissociate completely to form cations and hydroxide ions.
