The submarine starts 1640 meters below the surface of the water and ascends at a rate of 42 meters per hour. To calculate the time required to reach the surface:
Initial depth = -1640 meters (below the surface)
Rate of ascent = 42 meters per hour
Using the formula to find the time (t):
0 = -1640 + 42t
t = 1640 / 42
t = 39.0 hours (rounded to one decimal place)
Therefore, it takes 39.0 hours for the submarine to reach the surface.