z = (x - mean) / (standard deviation)
So, if x = 19, then z = (19 - 15) / 8 = 4/8 = 0.5. This means that 19 is 0.5 standard deviations above the mean.
if x = 11, then z = (11 - 15) / 8 = -4/8 = -0.5. This means that 11 is 0.5 standard deviations below the mean.
etc