Raymond B. answered 01/28/23
Math, microeconomics or criminal justice
3(f?)= F19 - F15
I may not understand what the problem is asking, but here's a stab in the dark which might be near the intended target (excuse the non-PC violent metaphor), i.e. a desperate try at it. Like Bruce Springsteen's song Dancing in the Dark. Bruce was a Vietnam war draft dodger so his lyrics get better non-violent press these days. Anyway:
usually capital F is used to indicate the integral of small f
dF(x)/x = f(x), integral of F(x)= the integral or anti-derivative of f(x)
subscripts and superscripts are used as the limits of integration
so 19 and 15 may be lower limits of integration
upper limit might be infinity, if not specified
take a more specific example
to see what might be going on
let f(x)= 1/x
then F(x) = -1/x^2 + c, where c is an unknown constant
evaluated from 19 to 35 = -1/35^2 - (-1/19^2)
= -1/1225 + 1/361 = (-361+1225)/(1225)(361)
= 864/442225
= about 0.0019537566= 3(f?)
f?= 6.512521906 x 10^-4
find the value of ? which makes f? = about 65,125.21906
what limits of evaluation make 1/x = 65,125.21906?