1. In what different ways did global commerce transform human societies and the lives of individuals during the early modern era?

Question

can someone answer these questions

2. What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

3. Why was Europe just beginning to participate in global commerce during the sixteenth century?

4. To what extent did the Portuguese realize their goals in the Indian Ocean?

5. How did the goals and actions of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British in Asia differ?

Answer 1

1. product demand can create more jobs, people have more access to products, slave trade changed African societies, silver from mines in Spanish America enriched Western Europe and made its way to China allow Europeans to participate more in Asian commerce, brought distant peoples into contact and enriched impoverished people- fur represents wealth.
2.  islam= enemy, aware of wealth of commercial network, desire for tropical spices such as cinnamon, mace, cloves, and Pepper, general recovery of European civilization following black death, europes population was growing again and national monarchies were learning how to tax, places like England, Netherlands, and Italy were becoming centers of commerce and giving birth to economies based on market exchange, How did the Portuguese.
3. Europe had just recovered from the black death, and started to tax their civilians to build up a strong army.
4. cotton cloth was Britain's primary export, Dutch use slave labor and are known for treating people harshly (they were dead if they were not enslaved), both organized commerce through private trading companies, Both companies received charters from their governments allowing them trading monopolies and the power to make war and govern conquered people, Dutch: Islands of Indonesia, Britain: India, Dutch opened up Tawain, British naval forces gained control of Arabian Sea and Persian gulf, British didn't practice by warfare they secured trading bases with permission of Mughal authority ot local rulers.
5. Place - Global,Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (Early Modern), Portuguese: tried to monopolize spice trade with taxes. Failed - so they transported Asian goods. Spanish: Established Philippine Islands (colonial rule). Major missionary effort - Christianity. Dutch: Overtook by force. Stronger than the Portuguese. Organized into a private trading company. Focused on Indonesian Islands. Wanted to control production of spices. British: Forceful, trading company. Conquered India for cotton textiles.