Stative verbs: ～ている vs ～てある vs ～（ら）れる?

Question

I'm not sure if I'm wording this properly, but I want to know the nuances of these "stative" type verb forms that act kind of like adjectives. For example, you could describe an open window with any of the following: > * 窓が開いている<br/> * 窓が開けてある<br/> * 窓が開けられた Another one I often see is for "it is written": > * ～と書いてある<br/> * ～と書かれた

Answer 1

~TE+IRU - Unchanging condition.ここから道はくねくね曲がっている。The road curves a lot from here onward.

Used with intransitive verbs to show the result on an action or effect. 窓が開いている. "The window is open (no agent is suggested. The window is just open)."

~TE+ARU - Used with transitive verbs to express a situation that was the result of someone's action. May show this was intentional for something in the future. 窓が開けてある。"The window was open (potentially for a future action)." 黒板に英語でGoodbyeと書いてある。"'Goodbye' was written on the blackboard in English (perhaps by the students)."

~TE+OKU - Means taking an action and maintaining the situation which was brought about. 窓を開けておく。"I'll open the window (because of something in the future will require it)." ～てある usually implies that the action was already done; ～ておく expresses that the action mist take place.

~RARERU (passive) - An action was taken by someone.

窓が開けられた。"The window was opened (by someone)." Nothing in this sentence expresses that the window is still opened. Just at some point in the past the window was opened.

この小説はイギリス人に書かれたよ。"That novel was written by an English author, you know."