Proving Concave Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram
Given quadrilateral ABCD
with all interior angles less than 180 degrees,
and given that:
AB is congruent to CD
Angle B is congruent to angle D
Prove ABCD is a parallelogram
3 Answers By Expert Tutors
Inactive Tutor answered 11/11/23
I made a couple of modifications to my previous answer. These are highlighted in red.
sin(B)/AC = sin(δ)/AB and sin(D)/AC = sin(θ)/CD (Law of Sines)
So sin(B)/AC =sin(D)/AC (since ∠B ≅ ∠D)
which means that sin(δ)/AB = sin(θ)/CD (substitution; they're equal to equal things)
So sin(δ) = sin(θ) (since AB = CD)
which means that either δ = θ or δ = 180 – θ
So ∠DAC and ∠BCA can be, but don't have to be, congruent angles
In the case where ∠DAC ≅ ∠BCA we have
ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA (AAS congruence)
segment BC ≅ segment DA (congruent parts of congruent triangles are congruent)
ABCD is a parallelogram → If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are
congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
It is possible, however, to draw a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram where
AB is congruent to CD, and
Angle B is congruent to angle D
A Desmos graph showing and example of this: desmos.com/calculator/hudpikaz0i
Inactive Tutor
William, this is exactly my conclusion also. In Mathematics Stack Exchange,,,math.stackexchange.com/questions/2778045/if-a-quadrilateral-has-a-pair-of-equal-opposite-sides-and-a-pair-of-equal-oppos,,, a few experts disagree. The most compelling argument was the one with a cord in circle. It seems there is some disagreement on this.11/11/23
Inactive Tutor
Also, if it can be proven with trigonometry, then it can be proved with geometry,11/11/23
Inactive Tutor
Hi Dayv! The question in the Mathematics Stack Exchange discussion doesn't include the condition that it's a concave quadrilateral. So some the discussion/disagreement and the odd-looking, nonconcave figure doesn't apply to the question here. I think a proof based on Law of Sines is solid.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
Once the congruence of ∠DAC and ∠BCA (alternate interior where the diagonal AC is the transverse) are established you can also directly prove both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
I expect that the contention is related non-concave quadrilaterals. Later I expect to find the exact mistakes on math stack.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
Strictly speaking sin(δ) = sin(θ) doesn't mean δ = θ as I say in my the proof I suggested above. It means either δ = θ or δ = 180 – θ. (I realized this when I wrote out the proof but, maybe deceived by my own figure, I didn't think it mattered). As I consider this and take a more careful look at the Mathematics Stack Exchange discussion, I think I have a flawed proof.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
I am beginning to think that the given information: (1) AB is congruent to CD, and (2) Angle B is congruent to angle D might not prove that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram after all!11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
Once again, Dayv, I'm learning a lot from our discussion! And I value this.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor
grazie as they say in Italy, aka thanks helping me learn.11/12/23
Inactive Tutor answered 11/12/23
This was my own question, and through much thinking
and with help from William C.'s comments I have
found that the conclusion cannot be proved.
Given ABCD is a parallelogram, then it will have
as part of it's description the one side will be congruent
to its opposite side, and one angle congruent to
its opposite angle.
However just being given a concave (normal looking)
quadrilateral ABCD with AB congruent to CD
and angle B congruent to angle D (see diagram),
then it cannot be concluded that ABCD is a parallelogram.
Example:AB=CD=4√2,,,,AD=5,,,,BC=3,,,diagonal AC=√17
angle B=qngle D=45 degrees,,,
angle BCA=104 degrees,,,,,,angleDCA=59 degrees
so angle C=163
angle DAC=76 degrees, angle CAB=31 degrees
so angle A=107 degrees
Inactive Tutor answered 11/11/23
Here are some facts with which to do the proof
∠A ≅ ∠B
∠A is supplementary to ∠D
AB || DC
Inactive Tutor
Mark, please see math.stackexchange.com/questions/2778045/if-a-quadrilateral-has-a-pair-of-equal-opposite-sides-and-a-pair-of-equal-oppos,,,,I think those answers are incorrect, but there is some sort of disagreement in the math community.11/11/23
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Inactive Tutor
see below where it si found the hypothesis is not provable.11/12/23