The two 10-inch straws can be used to form an isoceles triangle with a 5-inch straw forming the third side of the triangle.
The three 5-inch straws can be used to form an equilateral triangle. The three 10-inch straws can be used to form a larger equilateral triangle.
However, if you take two 5-inch straws and try to connect them with a 10-inch straw it won't work, since the two 5-inch straws would have to be opened to 180°.