1. what does "65% as much" mean? If I say I make as much as you, that is pretty clear. If I say I make 90% as much of you, that sounds like I make 90% of what you make. If I say I make 110% as much as you, then I would think that would mean I make 10% more than you. We'll assume 65% as much as John mean that Adams makes 65% of what John makes. So John's salary would be $55,000/.65.
2. x (1 - .18) = $23,400
3. P = k T/V; 15 = k*300/25.