These are not equations; this is about hybridization.: They relations are saying that, if you had 1 electrons in the s orbital, one could get excited to a P orbital (one in s, one in p). It is energetically favorable (especially with other atoms wanting to share electrons) for the s and p electrons to form 2 sp hybrid orbitals that will form the basis of covalent bonds with other atoms. sp is tied with linear molecules. sp2 with trigonal planar molecules (or derivatives) and sp3 is tied to tetrahedral molecules (and their derivatives). The number of electrons is equal to the sum of the s and p in the hybrid and corresponds to the single bonds the atom makes.
