Your questions are too long for me to answer here, but I will start.
Cupric Chloride is CuCl2. The formula weight is Cu - 63.5, Cl2 - 2*35.5 = 71, total = 134.5.
As a check, water is 18. If the Cupric chloride hydrate has a formula weight of 170 grams per mole, 170-134.5 = 35.5 approximately 2 times the water. Going the other direction, 170 - 36 = 134 g/mol for the metal salt.
There are 2 moles of water per mole of salt.
The mass ratio is the ratio of the formula weights. Salt/hydrate = (134g/mol)/(170g/mole) = 0.788.