
Benjamin C. answered 06/10/20
Economics Grad Student; Former TA; Math, Writing, Physics
I am sure that this site has excellent tutors who are extremely knowledgeable about current U.S. politics as well as U.S. political history. However, there is an enormous amount of information that should be brought together to properly answer your questions. To this end, I suggest doing research of your own (the internet has lots of free resources to learn about these topics!).
I will try to give a general answer in the case that you aren't looking for anything too in-depth:
The two main political parties in the U.S. are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Democrats tend to hold more liberal ideologies while republicans tend to hold more conservative ideologies.
Their respective logos originated from political cartoons and other propaganda during the 19th century.
Every four years, the U.S. holds a presidential election which (currently) culminates in a race between one Democratic candidate and one Republican candidate. Each candidate will campaign for various laws and changes that generally coincide with the ideology of their respective party. For example, the Democratic Party tends to support graduated tax rates while the Republican Party opposes them.
There is a wealth of information that you can learn about these topics! There are many other political parties in the U.S., but currently they are vastly overshadowed by the two mentioned above. The winning parties have changed throughout history too! The platforms of each party cover a vast array of controversial topics, and there is lots of interesting psychological literature that you can read about political ideologies and attitudes.
I hope this answer was helpful, and I strongly encourage you to do research of your own if this is a topic that interests you!