J.R. S. answered 01/05/18
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Ph.D. in Biochemistry--University Professor--Chemistry Tutor
Wow. What an open-ended question. One could write an entire text book on these topics. In short...
Nerve impulse is the electrical component of the transmission between nerve cells.
Transmission of impulse requires an action potential to be generated, and then propagation of that action potential down the axon of the nerve cell
Properties of nerve impulse include all or none, saltatory conduction, electro-chemical in nature, and who knows what else you may be looking for.
Brain is the organ that acts as the central processing unit and serves as the center of the nervous system. It is part of the central nervous system.
Spinal cord is also considered as part of the central nervous system. It is a long, tubelike structure that exits from the end of the brain stem and runs down. It consists of nerves that carry afferent and efferent messages between the brain and various organs.