Hi L;
(1)
1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles
(12,902 km)[(0.621371 miles)/(1 km)]
The unit of km are in the numerator and denominator. It cancels...
(12,902 km)[(0.621371 miles)/(1 km)]
(12,902)(0.621371 miles)
8016.928642 miles
I do not know if you are using significant figures. This is the full answer.
(2)
When I buy fabric at the sewing store, I have to calculate in terms of area. For example, some fabric bolts are 55 inches wide, others 44 inches. I need less of the former and more of the latter to make the same garment.
In the United States, we are still using the Old English system of inches and feet. In Europe, my counterpart is selecting her fabric in square-meters.
(3)
Meters is the measurement of length.
Square-meters is the measurement of area.
Cubic-meters is the measurement of volume.