The family is the answer mainly. Consider the following, which shows that laws and spending are not the default answer.
Nearly a hundred years of the supposed “legacy of slavery” found most black children [78%] being raised in two-parent families in 1960. But thirty years after the liberal welfare state found the great majority of black children being raised by a single parent [66%].
Who does better in school: a child with both parents? or of only one?
Schools are part of the problem but that's another answer altogether.