Has "none of the above" ever been added to a ballot? What was the effect?

Question

Besides [Nevada](http://electionlawblog.org/?p=39602) having the option to vote *none of the above (NOTA)* are there any other places in the world which allow for voters to tick NOTA? If this is the case, are there any studies on the effect of having such an option? Does it increase voter turnout?

Answer 1

Nevada has None of the above as an option in some of their elections. It has even gotten the most votes on occasion. However, on such occasions, the highest vote getting candidate that is an actual person will get the votes. So NOTA really just acts more as a symbolic vote, representing dissatisfaction with all the candidates.