science question

Question

Ruben wants to determine if listening to different types of music will have an effect on a person’s pulse. His hypothesis states that if people listen to rap music, their pulse will increase more than if they listen to other types of music. Ruben takes each participant’s pulse before, during, and after listening to 30 minutes of music. He has his mother listen to rock music, his sister listen to classical music, and his friend listen to rap music. From the data collected, he determined that rap music raises a person’s pulse the most.

1. Identify the independent and dependent variables in Ruben’s hypothesis.

2.Despite the results, this experiment is not able to support Ruben’s hypothesis. Suggest specific improvements that will make the experiment test the given hypothesis. Explain why these changes are improvements.

Answer 1

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Answer 2

The independent variable is the type of music.

The dependent variable is the pulse rate.

The intervening variable (not mentioned) is the age of the subject.

If the mother does not like rock, her pulse is likely to not increase.

The same might be true for the sister.

The friend may be "into" rap and gets excited.

To establish cause/effect relationship, all of the subjects must be consistent (all mothers, or all sisters, or all friends).