Austin, I'm not sure just what you are asking, but it seems they want you to solve for x in each case. Anytime we do anything to x, it just slips into the equation.
Remember, if f(x) = 2x2 and they want f(3), then f(3) = 2(3)2 = 18.
The same holds true. f(x+1) = 2(x+1)2
If f(x) = 3 + 2/x, then f(x-1) = 3 + 2/(x-1)
Is this what you were looking for?