A coefficient is a number in front of a variable (a letter).
A constant is a number.
For example in the polynomial
3x4-12x2+16
The coefficients are 3 and -12
The constant is 16
You may also be asked about the degree of polynomials. That is the highest exponent. In this case the degree is 4.
The leading coefficient is the coefficient on the term with the largest exponent in this case the leading coefficient would be 3.