Arturo O. answered 10/17/16
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Maha,
You could write thousands of pages about these matters! In fact, thousands have been written by Bible scholars over the centuries. I will answer briefly just the first one, in the context of New Testament studies:
What is meant by the term “biblical criticism”?
Biblical criticism (or textual criticism) is that branch of Bible scholarship that tries to answer the key question: Can we be sure that the text we interpret is the one given by the apostles?
This question is driven by certain facts. None of the original manuscripts (the autographs) have survived. We have many Greek and Latin copies of the New Testament, but they have variations. We need a branch of Bible scholarship that endeavors to ensure we have accurate copies of the original manuscripts.
Textual criticism consists of 3 elements, known as the 3 T's of textual criticism:
Testimony – Was the author of the original document (the autograph) willing and able to give reliable testimony?
Transmission – Was the original document reproduced and transmitted to the Greek manuscripts we now possess?
Translation – Were the Greek manuscripts accurately translated into English?
Transmission – Was the original document reproduced and transmitted to the Greek manuscripts we now possess?
Translation – Were the Greek manuscripts accurately translated into English?
This is very brief, but as I mentioned, you could write thousands of pages of commentary on the questions that you posted.