Mark M. answered 03/05/24
Retired math prof. Calc 1, 2 and AP Calculus tutoring experience.
∫(0 to √3) [x3 / √(4 - x2)]dx
Let x = 2sinθ, then dx = 2cosθdθ.
When x = 0, θ = Sin-1(0/2) = 0 and when x = √3, θ = Sin-1(√3/2) = π/3.
So we have ∫(0 to π/3) [( 8sin3θ / √(4 - 4sin2θ))(2cosθ)]dθ
= 8 ∫(0 to π/3) sin3θ dθ = 8 ∫(0 to π/3) sin2θ sinθ dθ = 8∫(0 to π/3) (1 - cos2θ) sinθ dθ
Now, let u = cosθ, then du = -sinθdθ
When θ = 0, u = cos0 = 1 and when θ = π/3, u = cos(π/3) = 1/2
So, we have -8∫(1 to 1/2) (1 - u2)du = 8 ∫(1/2 to 1) (1 - u2) du
= ( 8u - (8/3)u3)(1/2 to 1) = (8 - 8/3) - (4 - 1/3) = 4 - 7/3 = 5/3