describes the transformation of f ( x ) = x 2 − 3 ? f(x)=x 2 −3?

Answer 1

If you consider the equation y = x² the base equation, then f(x) = x² - 3 is a vertical translation of -3 units. (it moves the graph y = x² down 3 units).

Answer 2

The only transformation present here from the function f(x)=x^2 is that f(x)=x^2-3 is shifted down the y axis 3 units. Therefore, it now has a y-intercept of (0,3).