I think music notation is associated with the name Guido d'Arezzo, a 10th Century monk, who suggested the use of lines to indicate specific pitches. He used four lines; later increased to the 5 we use today. Guido did not specify ways to indicate rhythms; that work was done later on in the late Middle Ages. See the Wikipedia article on "Notre Dame School"
Now, I know that evidence exists of a form of notation used in Greece in centuries B.C. Google around about that.