a. To obtain the graph of g(x) = f(x)-1, translate the graph of y=f(x) one unit downward.
b. To obtain the graph of h(x) = -f(x), reflect the graph of y=f(x) in the x-axis.
c. To obtain the graph of p(x) = f(x+2), translate the graph of y=f(x) two units to the left.
d. To obtain the graph of q(x) = -f(x+2)-1, translate the graph of
y = f(x) two units to the left, then reflect that graph in the x-axis, and then translate the resulting graph one unit downward.